Medieval Castles

Some innovative castle designs by my middle school students, Samuel E. Shull Middle School, Perth Amboy NJ
2017
After watching the video of David Macaulay's Castle, my students designed their own fortresses. They tested the defensive walls by building catapults with popsicle sticks, rubber bands and spoons and firing mini marshmallows at their creations to see how many could land inside.

Caerphilly Castle was built in the thirteenth century.
It is the largest castle in Wales.
To learn more about Caerphilly Castle, click here.

More views of Caerphilly Castle

David Macaulay re-creates the building of a medieval Castle in his book Castle. For more information about this very detailed and informative book, visit the author's website by clicking here. To watch a four part movie based on the book, click on the YouTube videos below.

The castle in Macaulay's book is imaginary but it is based on several real Medieval castles. 


One of them is Caerphilly castle in Wales. Here is a floor plan of Caerphilly Castle:

The film starts off with the author, David Macaulay, with his sketchbook, in Conway Castle in Wales. Here are some photographs of Conway Castle:

Here is a floor plan of Conway Castle:

Below is a floor plan and some photographs of

 Deal Castle, in Kent, England

Below is a floor plan and some photographs of 

Windsor Castle in England

WHY DO ALL THESE 

MEDIEVAL CASTLES LOOK SO DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER?  

HOW ARE THEY ALL ALIKE?

 Keep reading to find out.

There was no standard shape and structure for a castle. The builders adapted their designs to suit the site, the budget and the military dangers of the day.

THE ANATOMY OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE
Print out the picture above and look at all the basic parts that make up the anatomy of a Medieval castle. The castles  all look very different from each other, yet they are all made up of the same basic components. See if you can identify the components all of these castles have in common. How would geographic location and the topography of the site influence a castle's design?


Some cool Medieval castle activities:

Click here to learn  how to build your own paper and cardboard Medieval castle

Click here to learn how to design a castle floor plan 
Click here for a step by step Power Point presentation by The Helpful Art Teacher on how to design and build your own paper castle.

Printable Worksheets
How to build a paper castle
You will need heavy paper, like oak tag or card stock,
white glue,masking tape,cardboard for the base
scissors,markers, paint and whatever else you wish to use to decorate your creation. A small inexpensive low temperature hot glue gun  is useful but not necessary.


The starting point: A tower

You will need to build at least four of these towers and connect them by walls just to start building your castle. These worksheets are just to get you started. Be inventive! Figure out how to include all the parts of the castle from the moat  and draw bridge to the gate house and portcullis to the inner ward and keep. 

Work in progress: These 7th grade students are creating a curtain wall, the wall surrounding their castle complex. A soldier can walk along this wall and shoot arrows at his enemies from behind the embrasures.

These students have created a portcullis and draw bridge using yarn, Popsicle sticks and a low temperature

 hot glue gun.

Interior and exterior shots of one 7th grade student's work in progress. She used a sharp scissors to cut the points on the Popsicle sticks that form the  portcullis.


When each group was done constructing their castles I gave them 12 Popsicle sticks, a rubber band, a plastic spoon and permission to go over to the hot glue gun table. Their mission? To design a working catapult capable of lobbing mini marshmallows into another group's castle.

Catapult designed by a 7th grade student

Click here to learn how to build a miniature working catapult out of Popsicle sticks (so you can storm your paper castle). This website gives step by step directions but I prefer to have my students come up with their own designs. As you can see, from the video below, my 7th graders' original contraptions worked quite well.

catapult design by a 7th grade student from Rachel Wintemberg on Vimeo.
STEAM connection: How does building a catapult connect art to science, technology, engineering and math?
When you create a catapult you are using a simple macine, the lever. If you pull the spoon back, the taut rubber band has potential energy. When you let go of the spoon the marshmallow is propelled by force and has kinetic energy. When you pull the rubber band back to a 45 degree angle, the marshmallow will travel the farthest distance. When you pull it back farther, the marshmallow will travel higher, but not go as far. We set up our catapults behind a taped barrier and asked the students to see how many mini marshmallows they could get into each castle. In order to make it over the wall, student found that they ideally needed to pull the spoon back farther than 45 degrees to attain more height and less distance. We discussed how the goal of the job affects the method used to launch the catapult; had the goal been to make the marshmallow go the farthest distance, then a 45 degree angle would have been preferable.

STEAM Vocabulary/Definitions

accuracy : The degree of closeness of a measured or calculated quantity to its actual (true) value. For example, in the associated activity, accuracy is the ability to hit the target with the Ping-Pong ball.

catapult: A toy/machine that launches a projectile.

geometry: An area of mathematics that studies shape, size, position and properties of space.

precision: The degree to which further measurements or calculations show the same or similar results. For example, in the associated activity, precision is the ability to hit the same location multiple times with the Ping-Pong ball.

projectile: An object that is launched or thrown, usually in the air, by a force.

Source:https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_catapult_lesson01

Other STEAM connections in this lesson:

The portcullis and draw bridge on the castles above operate using a pulley, another simple machine. Show students simple machines and have them divide into small groups to brainstorm how they might incorporate simple machines into their castle designs. For instance, a pulley might be used to draw water from a well as well as to control the draw bridge and portcullis.

What is a simple machine?

A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force. The six simple machines are:

Lever
Wheel and axle
Pulley
Inclined plane
Wedge
Screw

This student took the assignment a step farther. After researching medieval weapons he decided to design a crossbow to defend his fortress and siege neighboring castles. He was, of course, very careful to aim his weapon at rival social studies projects and never at people.

Learn all the parts of a real medieval castle and what they were used for before you begin.


Look at several real castles and their floor plans before you create your own. Remember, fortresses were designed and built for defense so make sure your castle will protect the inhabitants within.

The Parts of a Medieval Castle

Vocabulary terms you will need to know:

You will remember the vocabulary better if, after reading the definition, you click on the word.

This will bring you to a picture that illustrates the word.

If you are building a castle for a 7th grade social studies class your teacher will probably expect you to use these vocabulary words to label the parts of your castle. You will also be expected to demonstrate the ways in which your fortress uses these elements to protect it's inhabitants. 

Arrow Loops - These were slots in the walls and structures that were used to shoot arrows through. They came in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.

Ashlar - Blocks of smooth square stone. They can be of any kind of stone.

Bailey: This is a courtyard or open space surrounded by walls.The walls that make up the Bailey are also considered to be part of the Bailey. A castle could have several. Sometimes they were called the upper bailey and lower bailey or the west bailey and east bailey.

Barbican: A stone structure that protected the gate of a castle. Think of it as a gatehouse. It usually had a small tower on each side of the gate where guards could stand watch.

Barmkin: A yard surrounded by a defensive wall

Bartizan: A small turret at the corner of a tower or wall. It is usually at the top but not always.

Bastion: A tower or turret projecting from a wall or at the junction of two walls

Battlements: These are the structures at the tops of the walls surrounding a castle. Picture what you have seen in the movies where archers are at the top of the wall and firing arrows between open slots down on the attackers. These shapes at the top (Where the archers position themselves for battle) are called battlements. They are also referred to as crenellations.

Buttress: A masonry projection used as additional support for walls. Notre Dame Cathedral is a good examlple of the use of Buttresses.

Corbel - A stone projection from a wall. It supports the weight of a battlement.

Courtyard - The open area with the curtain walls of a castle.

Curtain Wall - The stone walls around a castle.

Drawbridge - This was a wooden bridge in front of the main gate of the castle. In the early centuries of castles it was moved horizontal to the ground and in the later centuries it was built so it could raise up in a hinged fashion.

Dungeon - A deep dark cell typically underground and underneath a castle. This is a derivative of the word Dunjon.

Donjon - this is an old word for a great tower or a keep.

Embrasure - An opening in a parapet wall.

GateHouse - A strongly built and fortified main entrance to a castle. It often has a guard house and or living quarters.

Hall or GreatHall - This is the major building inside th walls of a castle.

Hoarding: a covered wooden gallery above a tower the floor had slats or slots to allow defenders to drop object on besiegers. They could also drop liquids and projectiles.

Keep - This definition changed slightly over the centuries of castle building. In the early years of stone castle building the Keep was a standalone structure that could be defended and often square in shape. Over the centuries these structures were improved upon and built around. Thus a castle was made that was a larger and more complex structure. The main tower that this was built around was still called the Keep and it was usually the tallest and strongest structure in the castle. It was also used as the last line of defense during siege or attack.

Machicolations - The openings between the corbels of a parapet. They form areas that stick out along the top of the wall and defenders inside the castle can drop items like boiling water and rocks onto attackers. 

Merlons - The parts of parapet walls between embrasures

Moat: A Body of water surrounding the outer wall of a castle. It was often around 5 to 15 feet deep and it was sometimes within the outer wall -between the outer wall and the inner wall. The primary purpose of the moat wasn't to stop attackers it was to stop tunnelers. Tunneling under a castle was an effective means of collapsing the walls or infiltrating it. A moat would cause any tunnel to collapse.

Motte And Bailey: This isn't part of a castle it is the  predecessor to the castle. A Motte and Bailey was an early form of castle where a large mound of dirt was built up then a wooden fortification was placed on top. This wooden fortification was in the shape of a timber fence that formed a circle like a crown at the top of the mound. The Mound is the motte, and the timber fence and the space it enclosed is the Bailey.

Murder Hole: An opening in the roof of a gateway over an entrance. Used to drop projectiles or other things onto the besiegers.

Oubliette: A deep pit reached by a trap door at the top. Prisoners were kept in it.

Palisade: A defenisive fence

Portcullis - This is a metal or wood grate that was dropped vertically just inside the main gate to the castle.

Postern - A small gate at the back of a castle. Often considered to be a "Back Door".

Rampart: Picture the battlements in the previous definition. The battlements are the top sections of the outer wall of the castle. Now to access these battlements the archers would stand on a walk way that was a wall in it's own right. This walkway is built right up against the outer wall and is called the Rampart.

Ward - The area inside the walls of a castle. Often also called the Courtyard.

Yett: Iron gates at the entrance of a castle

To learn more about Medieval weapons, click here

Click here to learn more about what life was life like in Medieval times


If you were a peasant and wanted 
the protection a castle afforded, 
you had to pay your taxes

If you were a monk you might work in a scriptorium  painstakingly copying The Bible in Latin by hand and creating Illuminated manuscripts
  

What is an illuminated manuscript? Before the invention of the printing press books had to be written by hand and very few people knew how to read.Click here to learn more about Medieval illuminated manuscripts




If you were a knight, you would have to decorate your outfit with distinctive heraldry to avoid accidentally being killed by your own men

Special thanks Richard Burzynski, Alexandre Lopez, 

Derrick C. Kyriacou and the Social Studies department at William C. McGinnis School. 

Please note: The pictures of actual medieval castles come from Wikimedia commons and are in the public domain. A few of the black and white images are handouts I have had for many years. If anyone knows who I should attribute them to, please email me. The pictures of  step by step directions and photographs of student art work are my own. They may be downloaded and reproduced for educational purposes only (with appropriate credit given) in accordance with fair use law. Please do not republish them  without contacting me for permission.
Castles and creative writing:
Middle school students love learning about castles. They figure heavily in many beloved children's stories, movies and video games. Why not use a castle construction project as a jumping off point for a unit on imaginative story telling? Castles are often a main feature in fantasy and mythological stories. Here is a fantasy art and storytelling assignment that I gave to my students during the 2016-2017 school year:

Samuel E. Shull School, 2017

STUDENT ART GALLERY:

The elements of art and principles of design: Overlapping

Portrait of John from the Book of Kells, 8th century
Ink on calf skin,
Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

What do banyan trees, biomorphic design,graph theory,knot theory,medieval manuscript illumination,Celtic knot work, The Book of Kells, art history and the disciplines of visual art, social studies and mathematics have in common?

OVERLAPPING
To learn more about the design principle of overlapping click here and scroll down.
Click here and scroll down for a definition of overlapping and examples of how overlapping can be used in art.

Create an abstract design made of overlapping biomorphic lines. Use these photographs of banyan trees to inspire you.

All of these photographs have an asymmetrical composition. To learn more about asymmetrical balance, click here.

For directions on how to create an original, symmetrically balanced, knotwork design, print out the worksheets below.

Use this printable colorwheel worksheet

to help you mix the contrasting warm and cool colors

For more information on color theory click here.

MATH MEETS ART

What do overlapping line designs have to do with mathematics? Watch this video to find out:

Celtic knot work is a form of art that uses the 'over and under' weaving pattern. Here is an example of a Celtic knot work design. Print it out and follow the directions to create your own design.

The most famous masterpieces of Medieval Celtic knot work can be found in the Book of Kells.

To learn more about the Book of Kells, click here. 

If you are lucky enough to ever visit Dublin Ireland, take the opportunity to visit the actual Book of Kells at Trinity College.

The Book of Kells is a Medieval illuminated manuscriprt. To learn more about illuminated manuscripts and to see examples of illuminated manuscripts, click here.

Click here to visit a website that has a few images from the Book of Kells. Most images from the book are not in the public domain because Trinity College is very protective of this valuable book. If you visit Dublin to view the book, you will not be permitted to take photographs. However you can view many other beautiful examples of illuminated manuscripts by  clicking here to visit Columbia University's online Digital Scriptorium.

Below you will find the few photographs from the Book of Kells that are available in the public domain. That means you may legally download and re-post them. These manuscript illuminations are famous in part for their interlacing knot work designs.

The Book of Kells is a famous 8th century Insular Gospel Book, now in the Trinity College Library in Dublin
If you would like to view or download more pages from the Book of Kells click here to visit the 'Book of Kells' page on Wikimedia Commons.

Designs, like the one above, that incorporate abstract animal shapes are known as zoomorphic designs



The three pages above have symmetrically balanced Celtic knot work borders 



Illuminated Manuscript
A page from the Book of Kells with interlacing knot work and zoomorphic designs


What happens when an artist is inspired by intertwining trees and the knot work in medieval illuminated manuscripts? The helpful art teacher does not ask students to do any projects she would not do herself. Here are some pieces from my own portfolio:

Contemporary sculptor Todd Runfeldt carves intricate knotwork designs inspired by the art of the Middle Ages.

These beautiful ornaments and pendants were hand carved from stone, bone and antler. Posted with permission. Please contact the artist by clicking here before downloading or copying.


To see more European art from the Middle Ages, visit the Cloisters in New York City by clicking here.

To browse or search the Cloisters collection of Medieval art, click here.

The Cloisters is part of the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. The museum's website has a very useful art history timeline that lets students and scholars compare art from different countries and periods in history.


To see what art looked like in Europe in the middle ages, and to read what was happening between 500 and 1000 AD, click here (for Great Britain), here (for Central Europe), here (for Italy) and here (for France).


Open all four links in different windows and compare the artwork from different countries. 


How do you think historical events influenced medieval artwork?


How was the art in different countries the same? 
How was it different?


What do those differences tell us about what life may have been like for people who lived throughout Europe during the Middle Ages?


Printable Worksheets 
by the helpful art teacher
Print out the worksheets below and use them as a reference for drawing and craft projects: